Ang. det ottomanske riges tidligere historie og den tyrkiske magts forfald kan henvises til William Miller: The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927 (Cambridge, England: University Press, 1936), George G. S. L. Eversley: The Turkish Empire From 1288 to 1914 (London: T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd., 2d ed., 1923), Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall: Geschichte des Osmannischen Reiches (Pesth: C. A. Hartleben, 2d ed., 1834-36), 4 vols. Herbert A. Gibbons: Foundation of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1403 (Oxford, England: University Press, 1916), Arnold J. Toynbee and Kenneth B. Kirkwood: Turkey (London, 1926).